BONDBATTERY

Learn About Batteries

Battery Fundamentals

Core principles, chemistry, construction, charging, discharge behavior and safety.

Getting Started

BB-105: When Was the Battery Invented?BB-109: Getting to Know the BatteryBB-114: Early Battery Innovators and the Origins of Modern Rechargeables

Battery Essentials

BB-106: Global Battery MarketsBB-108: Battery Breakthroughs: Myth or Fact?BB-110: Comparing Batteries with Other Power SourcesBB-111: Battery Building BlocksBB-112: Battery Definitions and What They MeanBB-113: The Octagon Battery: What Makes a Battery PracticalBB-116: How Supercapacitors WorkBB-117: Series and Parallel Battery ConfigurationsBB-118: Understanding Battery Voltage Ratings Across Common ChemistriesBB-120: How Battery Electrolytes Work Across Common Cell ChemistriesBB-212: Advantages and Trade-Offs of Primary Batteries

Battery Chemistries

BB-115: How Lithium-Ion Batteries WorkBB-121: Availability of Lithium for BatteriesBB-122: Battery Raw Materials and Oxide ChemistryBB-213: Choices of Primary BatteriesBB-214: Comparison of Common Rechargeable Battery ChemistriesBB-215: How Lead Acid Batteries WorkBB-216: Absorbent Glass Mat AGM BatteriesBB-217: Gel Lead Acid Batteries: Benefits, Limits, and ApplicationsBB-218: New Lead-Acid Battery Systems and Advanced Lead-Carbon DesignsBB-219: Nickel-Based Batteries: NiCd, NiMH, NiFe, NiZn, and NiHBB-220: Lithium-Polymer Batteries: Technology, Packaging, and Practical LimitsBB-221: How Fuel Cells Work: Types, Applications, and BarriersBB-222: Why Sodium-Sulfur Batteries Must Be HeatedBB-223: How Flow Batteries WorkBB-224: Alternative Battery Systems: Zinc-Air, Silver-Zinc, and Reusable AlkalineBB-225: Future Battery Technologies: Lithium-Air, Solid-State, Sodium-Ion and BeyondBB-226: Lead-Acid Battery Types and Selection GuideBB-227: Nickel-Based Battery Chemistries ComparedBB-228: Summary Table of Lithium-Ion Battery ChemistriesBB-229: Alternate Battery Chemistries and Battery-Like Energy Storage SystemsBB-230: Future Battery Chemistries and Their Practical LimitsBB-233: How Cobalt Works in Lithium-Ion Batteries

Cell Design & Safety

BB-119: Battery Separators: Function, Materials, and Li-ion Shutdown SafetyBB-231: Old and New Battery Packaging FormatsBB-232: Types of Battery Cells and Their Practical Trade-OffsBB-601: Why Battery Protection Circuits Are NeededBB-602: Lithium-Ion Battery Safety: Failure Modes, Fire Response, and Safer UseBB-603: Making Lithium-Ion Batteries SaferBB-604: Battery Safety in Public UseBB-605: Building a Lithium-Ion Battery PackBB-606: Health Concerns with BatteriesBB-607: How to Transport Batteries SafelyBB-608: Shipping Lithium Batteries by Air: IATA Packing Instructions and Safety RulesBB-609: Lithium Battery CAUTION and Overpack Labels for Air TransportBB-610: Lithium Battery Class 9 Shipping Labels and RequirementsBB-611: NFPA 704 Hazard Ratings for BatteriesBB-612: What Causes Battery Cells to ShortBB-613: How to Evaluate Aftermarket Batteries Safely

Charging Methods

BB-303: How Battery Chargers Work and How to Choose OneBB-304: Fast and Ultra-Fast Battery ChargingBB-305: Charging Lead Acid Batteries Safely and CorrectlyBB-306: Equalizing Charge for Lead-Acid BatteriesBB-307: Charging Batteries with a Bench Power SupplyBB-308: Charging Nickel-Cadmium BatteriesBB-309: Charging Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries Safely and CorrectlyBB-310: Charging Lithium-ion Batteries Safely and CorrectlyBB-311: Why Older Li-ion Batteries Can Take Longer to ChargeBB-312: Charging Lithium Iron Phosphate BatteriesBB-313: Charging Batteries at High and Low TemperaturesBB-314: Charging Batteries from USB PortsBB-315: Charging Batteries with Solar Panels and Wind TurbinesBB-316: How Charger Chips Work in Battery Charging CircuitsBB-317: How to Charge Batteries for Longer Service Life

Discharge & Performance

BB-403: Battery C-Rate ExplainedBB-404: Basics of Battery DischargingBB-405: Discharge Characteristics of Lithium-Ion BatteriesBB-406: Discharging Batteries at High and Low TemperaturesBB-407: Using Ragone Plots to Compare Battery Power and EnergyBB-408: How Rising Internal Resistance Affects Battery PerformanceBB-409: NiCd Battery Zapping: Claimed Benefits, Procedure, and LimitationsBB-410: Minimum Operational Reserve Energy for Battery Reliability

Battery Use & Management

Battery intelligence, service history, longevity, measurement and diagnostic practice.

Smart Batteries & BMS

BB-123: How Smart Batteries Communicate, Charge, and Estimate RuntimeBB-318: How to Wake a Sleeping Lithium-Ion Battery SafelyBB-703: How Battery Fuel Gauges Estimate Charge and FunctionBB-704: How to Calibrate a Smart Battery Fuel GaugeBB-705: Calibrating SMBus Batteries with Impedance TrackingBB-706: Processing Smart Battery Data for Reliable State-of-FunctionBB-707: Testing and Calibrating Smart Batteries

Battery Lifecycle

BB-504: How to Prime and Break In BatteriesBB-507: How Battery Recycling Works by ChemistryBB-508: Battery Recycling as a Business by Chemistry

Battery Life & Longevity

General

BB-503: Cycling Performance of NiCd, NiMH, and Lithium-Ion BatteriesBB-505: How to Store Batteries by ChemistryBB-506: Personal and Fleet Battery Use: Longevity and ManagementBB-509: Battery Care Do's and Don'ts by ChemistryBB-510: Defining Battery Life: Capacity, Runtime, and End of LifeBB-511: What Causes Battery Capacity Loss?BB-512: Elevated Battery Self-Discharge: Causes, Risks and Practical TestingBB-513: How Low Can a Battery Be Discharged Safely?BB-514: Can Batteries Be Restored? Testing, Reuse, and LimitsBB-515: Cell Matching and Balancing in Battery PacksBB-516: Battery Electrolyte Loss: Causes, Effects, and Prevention

Lead-acid

BB-517: Reducing Corrosion, Shedding, and Internal Shorts in Lead-Acid BatteriesBB-518: How to Extend the Service Life of Lead-Acid BatteriesBB-519: How to Prevent and Manage Lead-Acid Battery SulfationBB-520: Lead-Acid Battery Care: Acid Stratification, Surface Charge, and MaintenanceBB-521: Can Additives Extend the Life of a Flooded Lead-Acid Battery?BB-522: How Heat and Start-Stop Use Affect Starter-Battery Life

Nickel-based

BB-523: Restoring and Maintaining Nickel-Based Batteries

Lithium-ion

BB-524: How to Extend the Life of Lithium-Ion BatteriesBB-525: What Causes Lithium-Ion Batteries to Degrade and Fail?

Testing & Diagnostics

BB-702: Verifying Battery Spare Capacity for Reliable OperationBB-708: Setting Practical Battery Performance StandardsBB-709: How to Rate Battery Runtime in Consumer DevicesBB-710: Battery Testing Fundamentals: Capacity, Resistance, and State of HealthBB-711: Estimating Battery Remaining Useful Life from Capacity and Operating DataBB-712: How to Measure and Interpret Battery Internal ResistanceBB-713: How to Measure Cold Cranking Amps (CCA)

Battery Applications & Resources

Power use cases, technical references and structured routes through the Bond Battery library.

Power & Applications

BB-802: Using Batteries as Power Buffers in Stationary SystemsBB-803: How Batteries Store Renewable Energy

Reference Library

Battery GlossaryBattery AbbreviationsTechnical ReferencesEditorial PolicyAbout Bond Battery

Learning Resources

Battery FundamentalsBattery ChemistryCharging & DischargingBattery Testing

Technical Articles

Discharge & PerformanceTesting & DiagnosticsBattery LifecyclePower & Applications